박수남 Hee Jung Yang , 양희정 Soo Nam Park

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Abstract

In this study, the antioxidative effects of Equisetum arvense extracts were investigated. The free radical (1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC₅₀) of extract/fractions of Equisetum arvense was in the order: 50 % ethanol extract (182.04μg/mL) < ethylacetate fraction (54.50μg/mL) < deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction (14.13μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities (OSC₅₀) of some Equisetum arvense extracts on ROS generated in Fe³⁺-EDTA/H₂O₂ system were investigated using the luminol- dependent chemiluminescence assay. The order of ROS scavenging activity was deglycosylated flavonoid aglycone fraction (OSC₅₀, 3.54μg/mL) < 50 % ethanol extract (0.80μg/mL) < ethylacetate fraction (0.006μg/mL). Ethylacetate fraction showed the most prominent scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of Equisetum arvense on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethanol extract (50%) suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner, particularly deglycosylated aglycone extract exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect τ 50, 161.10 min at 10μg/mL). These results indicate that extract/fractions of Equisetum arvense can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging ¹O₂ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS.

Key Words

Equisetum arvense, free radical, reactive oxygen species, antioxidative activity, photohemolysis

김한성 Han Sung Kim , 이찬우 Chan Woo Lee , 김덕희 Duck Hee Kim , 김기옥 Gi Ok Kim , 김세재 Se Jae Kim , 장이섭 Ih Seop Chang

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Abstract

We examined the depigmentation effect on Korean traditional citrus 17 species. With B16 melanoma cells, we have seen inhibition of the tyrosinase and melanin formation, which eventually were dose dependently decreased by three citrus fruits, immature Citrus unshiu, Citrus hassaku, and Citrus sinensis × reticulata as compared with positive control. Also, we examined expression of tyrosinase, DOPAchrome tautomerase (TRP-2), and DHICA oxidase (TRP-1) which affect melanin synthesis. Especially, immature Citrus unshiu decreased the protein levels of tyrosinase and TRP-1. In conclusion, immature Citrus unshue showed the strongest activity in all the experiments mentioned above and we expect that it can be used for preventing UV-induced pigmentation.

Key Words

malanin, antioxidative, TRP-l, TRP-2, depigment, immature Citrus unshiu, Citrus lussaku

이정노 Jung Noh Lee , 박재희 Jea Hee Park , 김상우 Sang Woo Kim , 유영경 Young Kyoung Yoo , 이강태 Ghang Tai Lee , 이건국 Kun Kook Lee

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Forsythia suspensa fruit extracts (FSfE) (0.1~1.0%) and their active component on melanogenesis. FSfE dose-dependently inhibited melanin synthesis (up to 63.1±3.1% at the concentration of 1.0%) without cell cytotoxicity. We purifed one active compound from FSfE and identified its structure. It was identified as 4-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone (arctigenin) by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and Mass analysis. Arctigenin also inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner (up to 52.7±3.1% at the concentration of 3.0 μg/mL). In order to verify the whitening activity of the cream containing 3% FSfE, we performed the clinical test with twenty five female volunteers for 8 weeks. Bioengineering analyses and visual assessment by doctors at the initial time point and 8 weeks after applications showed that cream containing FSfE have significant whiteining effect (paired t-test). From the results, we conclude that the FSfE can be used as a useful whitening agent.

Key Words

whiteing agent, Forsythia suspensa fruit extracts, FSfE, melanogensis, arctigenin

윤훈석 Hoon Seok Yoon , 김정국 Jeong Kook Kim

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Abstract

To develop the skin whitening agent, we investigated the effects of Acanthopeltis japonica, a rhodophyta on the coast of Jeju island, on melanogenesis. Dried A. japonica was refluxed with 70 % aqueous ethanol and the extract was evaporated to dryness. To validate the activity as a depigmenting agent, various in vitro tests, polyphenol contents, and free radical scavenging activity were performed. In addition, cellular tyrosinase activity and protein expression of p-ERT, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 were measured in B16/F10 murine melanoma cells. A. japonica had low polyphenol contents and low free radicals scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. A. japonica suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity up to 86.9 % at 100 μg/mL with inhibition or tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16/F10 melanoma cells. Our results suggest that inhibitory effects of A. japonica on melanogenesis are due to inhibiting the pathways involving α-MSH-induced ERK activation. Therefore, A. japonica nay be useful as a skin whitening agent associated with the suppressive effect of melanotrophin-induced signaling pathway to inhibit melanin synthesis.

Key Words

Acanthopeltis japonica, melanogenesis, tyrosinase, skin whitening activity, ERK 1/2

김지영 Ji-yeong Kim , 김진우 Jin-woo Kim , 김용진 Yong-jin Kim , 이재욱 Jae-wook Lee , 이해광 Hae-kwang Lee , 강학희 Hak-hee Kang

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Abstract

Even in the moderately concentrated anionic surfactant system, some special encapsulation method can shield the papain enzyme from proteolytic attacks. The stabilization of enzyme has been a major issue for successful therapies. In this study, we first stabilized an enzyme, papain in the microcapsules by using polyols, polyethyleneglycol (PEG), poly-propyleneglycol (PPG), and PEG-PPG-PEG block copolymer. In the analysis of EDS and CLSM, it was demonstrated that polyols are effectively located in the interface of papain and polymer. Polyols located in the interface had an ability to buffer the external triggers by hydrophobic partitioning, preventing consequently the catalytic activity of papain in the micro-capsules. Second, we introduced multi-layer capsulation methods containing ion complex. Such a moderately concentrated anionic surfactant system as wash-off cleansers, surfactants and waters can cause instability of entrapped enzymes. Surfactants and water in our final products swell the surface of enzyme capsules and penetrate into the core so easily that we can not achieve the effect of enzyme, papain. In this case, the ion complex multi-layer capsule composed of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and polyquaternium-6 could effectively prevent water from penetration into the core enzyme, followed by in vivo test, and evaluate the stratum corneum (SC) turn-over speed.

Key Words

papain enzyme, encapsulation ion complex, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, polyquaternium-6, anionic surfactant

김승훈 Seung Hun Kim , 김은주 Eun Joo Kim , 남개원 Gae Won Nam , 안성연 Sung Yeon Ahn , 이해광 Hae Kwang Lee , 문성준 Seong Joon Moon

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Abstract

The skin barrier function is one of the vital functions. Horny layer and epidermis among various skin layers play an important role in protecting body from environmental insults. Stratum corneum is completely formed by differentiation processes from the basal layer and newly formed corneocytes push the older ones from skin surface. In this study we investigated changes of various parameters - capacitance, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pH and amount of removed corneocytes - according to the stratum corneum's depth. We removed the stratum corneum using tape stripping technique. We found that uppermost stratum corneum play an important role in skin surface moisturization and lower stratum corneum in protecting transepidermal water loss. In addition, skin pH is more acidic than surface pH. In the stratum corneum, skin pH is mote acidic in the deeper layer. Furthermore amount of removed corneocyte is also decreased according to depth because of stronger cell-cell union strength. From these results we suggest that stratum corneum has different characteristics depending on their position.

Key Words

stratum corneum, depth, capacitance, TEWL, pH

이강연 Kang-yen Lee , 조춘구 Byung-jun Park , 박병준 Joong-koo Kim , 김중구 Choon-koo Zhoh , 김봉남 Bong-nam Kim

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Abstract

The stability of titanium dioxide dispersion was evaluated by zeta (ζ) potential and we intended to apply it for improvement of dispersion stability. Both theories related to ζ potential (electric double layer, electrophoresis, isoelectric point and electroosmosis) and a method to measure ζ potential were explained in this study. The change in ζ potential of TiO₂ dispersion was measured by means of Henry's function of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski's equation (H-S equation). The ζ potentials of TiO₂ dispersion were negative in all measured pH values (3.0~9.0), and absolute values of ζ potentials of TiO₂ increased as pH values increased. TiO₂ dispersion was maintained in pH 8.0 and 9.0 respectively. From these results, we suggest that ζ potentials have an effect on TiO₂ dispersion and absolute value of ζ potentials played an important role in the stability of TiO₂ dispersion in aqeous medium.

Key Words

zeta potential, ζ potential, colloidal stability, Helmholtz-Smoluchowski's equation, electric double layer, zeta (ζ) potential

신계호 Kye Ho Shin , 곽일영 Il Young Kwack , 이성원 Sung Won Lee , 서경희 Kyung Hee Suh , 문성준 Sung Joon Moon , 장이섭 Ih Seop Chang

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Abstract

It is inevitable to use germicidal agents like parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin to preserve the cosmetics. Although effective in reducing microblological contamination, chemical preservatives are irritative, allergenic and even toxic to human skin. So it is needed to decrease or eliminate usage of preservatives in cosmetic products Glycerin, butylene glycol (BG), prorylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) are widely used in cosmetics as skin conditioning agent or solvents. At high concentrations, they have antimicrobial activities, but deteriorate product quality like sensory feeling or safety. The purpose of study is to evaluate the effects of polyols on antimicrobial and preservative efficacy and confirm whether using adjusted polyols can decrease the contents of preservatives without deterioration of the quality of cosmetics. Effects of common polyols on antimicrobial activities of general preservatives were measured. BG and PG significantly (p < 0.05) increased activities of preservatives, but glycerin influenced little. It was inferred from the regression analysis of the results with S. aureus that adding 1% of PG increased activities of preservatives up to 2.1~8.4 % and BG improved activities of preservatives up to 1.8~8.4 %. The challenge test results for oil in water lotions and creams showed that BG and PG improved the efficacy of preservative systems up to 40 % at a range of 5.5~9.9 %, but glycerin had little effect on it. The measured rates of improvement were analogous to the inferences from regression analysis. It can be concluded that is possible to reduce total chemical preservatives up to 40 %, consequently improve the safety and sensory quality of cosmetics with the precision control of polyols. Added to that, using this paradigm, low preservative contents, praraben-free system, and even preservative-free systems can be expected in the near future.

Key Words

polyol, preservative, antimicrobial, preservative efficacy, germicidal

임효정 Hyo-jung Lim , 김주덕 Ju-duck Kim

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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of the price and brand name on the consumer's evaluation of cosmetics. 363 women from 20's to 50's living in Seoul and the metropolitan area were asked to use and describe the given samples of cosmetic products for one week with different information of price and brand name. The results of this study are as follows: First, the assessment of the facial toner, moisturizer and cream does not show a significant statistical difference between the group of 'renowned' and 'renownless'. Second, the assessment of the facial toner, moisturizer, and cream shows a significant statistical difference between the user groups which received the prior information whether the cosmetics are 'high price' or 'low price'. Third, the assessment of the users' satisfaction of the 3 kinds of cosmetic products mentioned above is influenced by 'renown' an 'price'. Finally, the interaction of the factor 'renown' and 'price' influences on the cosmetics' effectiveness significantly. From this study, it was discovered that the evaluation and the degree of satisfaction on cosmetics were influenced by the price and brand names. This will improve the understanding of consumers' behavior and personal decision-making, which in be the key of marketing strategy.

Key Words

price, brand names, evaluation of cosmetics, cosmetics' effectiveness

김경동 Kyung-dong Kim , 김상진 Sang-jin Kim

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Abstract

This study was to evaluate the efficiency of different solvent systems to extract active ingredients from different parts of medicinal plants used as oriental medicinal herb in the cosmetic industry. We tested efficacies related to the antioxidative effects and UV absorption of herbal extracts as complex of active ingredients, not each single ingredient. When extracting medicinal plant which is used effective medicine, we should consider the collecting conditions like collecting time, place, part and extracting conditions like solvent, temperature, time, and etc. Among them, extraction solvent and collecting part are very important factors for the efficacy. As increased interest in medicinal plants, more intensive studies on collecting conditions and extracting processes were needed for the developments in the herbal ingredient industry. We evaluated the efficiency of different solvent systems to extract active ingredients from different parts of plants (Terminalia chebula, Syzygium aromaticum, Paeonia lactiflora, Morus alba, Scutellaria baicalensis) widely used as medicine and food. As results, we found that proper condition can make better data and decrease the required quantity.

Key Words

medicinal plants, free radical scavenging activity, absorbance method, extraction